Friday, February 13, 2015

Iphigenia among the Tauri by Euripides

One of several things that caused Clytemnestra to be so angry with her husband Agamemnon that she killed him was that he had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia to the gods in order to attempt to win their favor in the war against Troy.  Orestes later killed his mother Clytemnestra to avenge his father resulting in his exile.  We now learn that Iphigenia was not actually killed.  Just as Agamemnon was going to slay her with a knife, she was spirited away by the goddess Artemis, and a hind was left in her place.  Iphigenia was taken to the land of the Tauri and became a priestess in the temple of Artemis.  She is charged with making a sacrifice of any person who arrives on their shores from Hellas.

In his exile wanderings Orestes (her brother) and his friend Pylades stumble on these shores and are captured by the locals.  They are brought to Iphigenia who intends to sacrifice them according to the accepted protocol.  However, when she learns they are from the country of her birth, she begins to question them.  Pylades has given her his name, but Orestes has withheld his, so she doesn’t know initially that she is questioning and preparing to kill her own brother.  Eventually it is decided that Orestes will stay and die, but that Pylades will escape death by promising to carry a message back to Ilium for Iphigenia.  When Iphigenia gives him the written message and says it is for Orestes, Pylades hands it to him immediately, and so Iphigenia learns that her captive is her brother.

The three begin to plot how Iphigenia can get out of her required duty of killing them and escape with them back to Ilium.  She says that she will convince Thoas, king of the Tauri, that they are not a proper sacrifice because they have been guilty of matricide.  They must be purified before they are sacrificed, and since they have touched the statue of the goddess, it must be purified also.  This needs to be done in seawater, and she alone may preside over these rites.  King Thoas should stay behind and see to the cleansing of the temple itself.
Of course, Orestes and Pylades have a ship waiting for them.  

The three, with Iphigenia carrying the statue, escape to their ship.  The Tauri attempt to stop them, but are unsuccessful.  They hurry back to get soldiers to assist.  King Thoas is about to give chase, when the goddess Athena appears and tells him that it is the will of the gods for them to escape.  Also, although their ship is about to be dashed on the rocks, Poseidon intervenes and calms the sea for their sake.  Orestes and Pylades are to return to Ilium.  Iphigenia is going to end up at the temple of Artemis in Brauron.

Interesting quotes:

Iphigenia:  The unfortunate, having once known prosperity themselves, bear no kind feelings towards their luckier neighbours.
                Who knows on whom such strokes of fate will fall?  For all that Heaven decrees proceeds unseen, and no man knoweth of the ills in store; for Fate misleads us into doubtful paths.
                A man’s loss from his family is felt, while a woman’s is of little moment.  (That would be Euripides’ opinion!)


Orestes:  No wise man I count him, who, when death looms near, attempts to quell its terrors by piteous laments, nor yet the man who bewails the Death-god’s arrival, when he has no hope of rescue; for he makes two evils out of one; he lets himself be called a fool and all the same he dies; he should let his fortune be.

Chorus:    This that I have seen with mine eyes, not merely heard men tell may rank with miracles; ‘tis stranger than fiction.  (Truth is stranger than fiction.)


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